Prostate cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among men in South Africa, with 1 in 23 men likely to develop it in their lifetime. Stage 4 prostate cancer has a relatively low five-year survival rate of only 29%.
Fortunately, these statistics don't always lead to dire outcomes. If detected early, only about 2% of men die from prostate cancer.
The exact cause of prostate cancer remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified. While some factors like age, race, and family history are constant, others such as obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and the use of certain medications are within our control. By focusing on these modifiable factors—moderating alcohol and medication use, avoiding smoking, staying active, and maintaining a healthy weight—the risk of developing prostate cancer can be significantly reduced.
It is generally recommended that all men over 50 years old undergo regular cancer screenings. Popular methods include the digital rectal exam (DRE) and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. In a DRE, the doctor checks the prostate through the rectum for any abnormalities in texture, shape, or size. If any irregularities are found, further testing is required. The PSA test, a less invasive method, involves a blood test to measure levels of an antigen produced by the prostate gland. High levels could indicate prostate infection, inflammation, enlargement, or cancer. If abnormalities are detected in these tests, additional procedures like ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy are conducted for diagnosis. Despite the discomfort of these screening methods, they are preferable to the devastating consequences of late-stage cancer detection.
Self-examination for prostate cancer is challenging due to the gland's location, but warning signs include painful or burning sensations during urination, frequent urination with difficulty in stopping, sudden erectile dysfunction, and blood in urine or semen.
Prevention is possible through:
- Adopting a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes.
- Exercising regularly.
- Maintaining a healthy weight.
- Being informed about risk factors and symptoms, as early detection is crucial.